The risk of HBV infection among HCWs is well documented. With widespread use of hepatitis B vaccine, the risk of infection can largely be eliminated. Although some older physicians still have not received the vaccine, increased use by younger physicians and by HCWs in general in response to OSHA regulations is very encouraging. The risk of HCV infection among HCWs is not well defined. Although based on available data, this risk appears to be low, the risk of chronic liver disease with HCV infection is high, and effective measures that prevent transmission and infection are needed.