Patient characteristics by surgical procedure
| Characteristic | First phase, no. (%)* | Second phase, no (%)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laparoscopic appendectomy (n = 33) | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 94) | Laparoscopic appendectomy (n = 11) | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 98) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 45 (33–54) | 51 (38–62) | 55 (39–68) | 51 (43–61) |
| Female sex | 14 (42.4) | 66 (68.8) | 7 (63.6) | 76 (77.6) |
| Emergency procedure | 30 (90.9) | 18 (18.7) | 10 (90.9) | 15 (15.3) |
| Conversion to open | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| History of addiction | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 |
| History of psychiatric illness | 3 (9.1) | 8 (8.3) | 2 (18.1) | 9 (9.2) |
| History of chronic pain | 1 (3) | 9 (9.4) | 2 (18.1) | 3 (2) |
| Prior long-term opioid use | 1 (3) | 3 (3.1) | 0 | 1 (1) |
IQR = interquartile range.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.